The Theology Behind the Day of Atonement

Well, today I would like to begin the sermon by going directly into a scripture Mr. Graham alluded to it, and it's certainly a New Testament scripture that ties in so appropriately to the Day of Atonement. We'll go to Revelation 20 and verse 1. Again, that's Revelation 20, beginning in verse 1. There are many critics of the Church of God who say that these holy days are obsolete, that these holy days are done away, that these days were all fulfilled by Jesus Christ and therefore have no meaning except for maybe some spiritual analogies, but have no meaning for Christians today and should not be observed. That's certainly one of the complaints that have been made about all of the holy days and also about the Day of Atonement. It says here in Revelation chapter 20 and verse 1, and this is something that's going to occur in the future, it says, Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain in his hand. He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years. And he cast him into the bottomless pit and he shut him up and set a seal on him so he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years were finished. But after these things, he must be released for a little while. And the reason that it's important to read that scripture to start out our sermon today is that this important holy day does not look into the past. It looks into the future. It is forward-looking. It portrays an event that God has longed for since the time of man's creation. This day in God's plan looks forward to a time when the originator of all human sin will be bound and he'll be exiled into a spiritual wilderness. I want you to notice the phrase, deceive the nations. It's a profound statement. The prince of the power of the air has deceived all peoples and nations in this earth into believing that they have little need for God or no need for God.

That's what most people in this world believe. For those that he is called and chosen in this age, that's us. We can now have that kind of relationship with our God. But God also desires a time of universal atonement. He desires a time when all people who will have ever lived will have the opportunity to walk and talk with God by having a relationship with him. So brethren, the day of atonement is not an obsolete, old covenant holy day.

It's a day that looks to a powerful and important future event when God is going to be able to establish a relationship with all people, everyone who ever lived. But before that time could be fulfilled, that we read about here in Revelation, Chapter 20, there were two special events that needed to occur. Before that relationship can be healed that was damaged in the Garden of Eden. One of those two significant events already occurred.

It occurred about 2,000 years ago. But another one of those significant events is portrayed in the day of atonement. Let's first look at the number one first significant event that occurred almost 2,000 years ago. We'll go to Hebrews, Chapter 10 and verse 11. That's Hebrews, Chapter 10 and verse 11. The author of Hebrews, who most certainly could have been Paul, says here, and every priest, he's referring to what Jesus Christ did, and every priest stands ministering daily and offering repeatedly the same sacrifices which can never take away sins. And that's what the rituals were and that's what all those Hebrew ceremonies were, but they could never take away sins.

Verse 12, but this man, referring to Christ, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins forever, sat down at the right hand of God. From that time, waiting till his enemies are made his footstool, for by one offering he has perfected forever those who were being sanctified. But the Holy Spirit also witnesses to us, for after he had said before, verse 16, this is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, says the Lord, I will put my laws into their hearts and into their minds, and I will write them.

Then he says, their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more. Now where there is remission of these, there is no longer an offering for sin. And then verse 19, this is very profound. What Paul says here, verse 19, therefore, brethren, having boldness to enter the holiest by the blood of Jesus, by a new and living way which he consecrated for us through the veil that is his flesh, and having a high priest over the house of God, let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience and our bodies washed with pure water.

What he basically says here is because the blood of Jesus Christ you now can go into the holy of holies. There was a time when only once a year on the very day of atonement itself, only the high priest could go into the holy of holies. And that was the most sacred part of the tabernacle. And we'll read about what he did on that day of atonement and draw some analogies of it. But one person on one day of the year was allowed to go into the holy holies.

And Paul is saying here that you can enter the holiest by the blood of Jesus Christ and have a relationship with the Father. You can ask him anything. You can tell him anything because he's listening.

He understands. He wants to hear from you. He wants to talk to you. Our high priest and Savior allows us immediate access to God for our individual needs. And we are now called God's children and can develop a relationship with our Father. So the first event that needed to occur for universal atonement, that means everybody in the world was completed by the sacrifice of our Savior Jesus Christ.

And again, that happened about 2,000 years ago. For us, this event alone provides an opportunity to have that kind of relationship that I have been talking about. But what about the rest of the world? Doesn't God love them too? Well, of course, He loves them. It's kind of interesting. I mentioned a little earlier about Steve Jobs yesterday afternoon. I was on the Internet and I got into an evangelical blog. And the big comments in the evangelical blog were that Steve Jobs is now in hell because he converted to Buddhism.

And because he wasn't a Christian, he is now burning in hell. And I read a number of these comments. My first reaction was, and they say we're judgmental. Because comment after comment after comment after comment was about how he's in hell because he rejected Christ. And when some poor blogger would try to interject any type of moderation, well, only God knows. You've got to let... Oh, that's a problem with you people. So that's all you have. And then that person got ripped. And then there would be another 40 comments saying he was in hell. And then another person would try to moderate it.

And people have this question, well, what happens if you didn't accept Jesus Christ as your Lord and Savior and you die? Are you in hell forever? What happens if you lived in a village in Asia or Africa and a missionary had a flat tire that day and you died at the age of 85 and never heard the name of Jesus Christ in your lifetime, let alone who or what he was?

Are you in hell fire for eternity? Those are the questions that many people have to wrestle with. We know that God has a plan and he has a time within his plan for all of those who were either blinded in this lifetime or never had an opportunity to even hear about who and what Jesus Christ is. That they will have their opportunity, that God will provide a way for them. So what about those who have been blinded, who have never been called to God's way of life, like Steve Jobs? For them to have a lasting relationship with their Creator, God is going to have to do something very different than occurred in the Garden of Eden.

In the Garden of Eden, he allowed a negative influence to destroy the whole human race. It was part of God's plan exactly as Mr. Graham mentioned, because God knows like working out, you know, if you want to develop your muscles, what do you need? You have to have resistance. You have to have resistance weights if you want to develop your muscles. And if you want to grow in spiritual character, if you want to become like God, you have to have resistance.

And that weight, that resistance is known as Satan the Devil and certainly all of his spirits and the demonic influences that constantly put within our minds negative thoughts and negative attitudes and throw barriers in front of our ways and try to discourage us and try to thwart us and everything that we do.

But there's coming a time when God knows that for the people that he wants to call and work with, that he's going to want to remove Satan's influence for that thousand year period, he's going to want to put Satan away.

So this day looks forward to that second special event that was pictured on the Day of Atonement. Let's go to Leviticus chapter 16 and verse 29. Leviticus chapter 16 and verse 29. And read about this unique event that happened only one day a year, only one person out of the entire nation of Israel was allowed to go into this Holy of Holies. And that was the high priest. Leviticus chapter 16 and verse 29. And I want you to remember that what this one lone person was allowed to do, you can do each and every day because of the blood of Christ, as we read about in Hebrews. You can break through the barriers. You can walk right through the curtain and go to the very presence of God.

You don't have to follow all of these ceremonial rules like Aaron was required to do. Leviticus chapter 16 and verse 29. There shall be a statute forever for you in the seventh month. On the tenth day of the month, you shall afflict your souls. And the great majority of us here today have afflicted our souls. We haven't eaten. We haven't consumed any water since the sunset yesterday. So we are in affliction. And do no work at all, whether a native of your own country or a stranger who dwells among you. For on that day the priest shall make atonement for you. The word atonement is from a Hebrew word kaphar, spelled K-A-P-H-A-R. Kaphar, and it means to cover something up or to cancel something out or appease it.

That's what the word atonement means. It said, the priest shall make atonement for you, to cleanse you, that you may be clean from all your sins before the Lord. It is a Sabbath of solemn rest for you, and you shall afflict your souls. It is a statute forever. And the priest who is anointed and consecrated the minister as a priest in his father's place shall make atonement.

And put on the linen clothes the holy garments, then he shall make atonement of the holy sanctuary, and he shall make atonement for the tabernacle of meeting for the altar. And he shall make atonement for the priest and for all the people of the assembly. This shall be an everlasting statute for you.

He basically says he is going to make atonement for everything. Himself, his family, the tabernacle, the altar, the congregation of Israel, he basically is going to make an atonement for everything. Verse 34, this shall be an everlasting statute for you to make atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year.

And he did as God commanded Moses. We're now going to go to the beginning of the chapter and read about all of the rituals and everything that led up to what we just read here in verses 29 through 34. So let's go to verse 1, Leviticus 16. Verse 1, it says, That's on purpose. Aaron only had four sons. He had just lost two sons because they did something improper in the way that God was worshipped. And the very next thought that God wants to impress upon Aaron is that there is a right way to do things, Aaron, and there's a wrong way to do things. And I want to impress upon you while you're grieving, while you're thinking about the loss of the two beloved sons that you had, I want you to think about how important the instructions that I'm going to give you are. That is what he says. After the death of his two sons, Aaron is grieving, and God decides to reveal to the nation a special solemn ceremony that portrays hope and reconciliation for the nation of Israel. The entire service of all of the sacrifices and the burning of incense and the trimming of lamps on this day were done by the high priest alone. If you drop down and take a quick look at verse 17, this was only something he could do alone. Why? Because the high priest prefigured Jesus Christ. He represented what Jesus Christ was and what Jesus Christ would do. And only Jesus Christ alone can bring salvation, can bring atonement and salvation to the world.

Now to verse 2. And the Lord said to Moses, Tell Aaron your brother not to come at just any time into the holy place inside the veil before the mercy seat which is on the ark lest he die, for I will appear in a cloud above the mercy seat. The tabernacle was basically animal skins about seven foot high so very few people could ever even see what was going on inside of that tabernacle. Inside of that tabernacle was a big open court and there was an altar there in which animals were sacrificed. And then you walked into a room called the Holy Place. And in the Holy Place were other utilities and implements. And then there was a curtain. And beyond that curtain inside that rectangular area was the Holy of Holies. And there was a curtain there that separated people from the Holy of Holies. And inside the Holy of Holies was the Ark of the Covenant which represented the very presence of God. And the instruction here is you don't go inside that veil except one time a year and the Pride Priest only can go inside of that veil. Verse 3, Thus Aaron shall come into the holy place with the blood of a young bull as a sin offering and of a ram as a burnt offering. And he shall put the holy tunic and the linen trousers on his body. And he shall be girded with a sinning lash. And with the linen turban he shall be attired. These are holy garments. Therefore he shall wash his body in water and put them on. Now normally the High Priest wore very colorful clothing. And he also had a breastplate that had stones on it. He was a very colorful individual that you could pick out in a crowd. But God said for this event, plain and white. Just simple. You put on white trousers, white turban, you have a tunic. Everything is white. Why? Because the High Priest was representing Jesus Christ, the righteousness of God. So the only thing he had on was a plain white linen garment, which represented the humility and the righteousness of Jesus Christ during what we're about to read. Verse 5. And he shall take from the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats as a sin offering and one ram as a burnt offering. Aaron shall offer the bull as a sin offering, which is for himself and make atonement for himself and his house. And he shall take the two goats and present them before the Lord at the door of the tabernacle of meeting. Then Aaron shall cast lots for the two goats, one lot for the Lord and the other for the scapegoat, as it's translated in the new King James Version and other translations. But that's really a poor word. It's really a poor translation. The original Hebrew word is the azazel.

The translation God's word for today says one lot will be for the Lord and the other for the azazel. So what did these two goats represent that the priest had and he brought before the Lord? Well, some teach that both of these goats represented Christ and his sacrifice. And they believe that the two goats simply portray two different aspects as the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. One, his death for the forgiveness of sin and the other aspect, his role as a sin bearer. But I think you'll come to see very clearly as we review this chapter that this theology, that both of these goats represented a different aspect of Jesus Christ just does not fit. First of all, let's begin with casting lots. Why? If both of these goats represented just a different aspect of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, why would you need to cast lots? Either goat could fulfill that role. If they're both representing Jesus Christ, then either goat can fulfill that role. Why would there be a need to cast lots? Also, let's ask this question, and that is that the phrasing of the Hebrew doesn't support the view either. If the first goat is for the Lord and the second goat is for the Azazel, the Hebrew is pretty clear here. One goat is for God and the other goat is obviously for something else. Right? If one goat is for God and the other goat is for something that is not related to God. Well, brethren, we need to understand here that the reason that lots were cast were because these goats looked similar. They both looked like goats. They were both about the same age. They were both about the same height. They almost looked like twins. And the reason that lots were cast was very symbolic. It represented the fact that only God can reveal to a deceived mankind who his son is, who offers eternal life, and who the great counterfeit spirit is, who transforms himself into an angel of light. You see, many people in our world today actually are worshiping Satan and think they are worshiping God or Jesus Christ. Paul said in 2 Corinthians 11.14, and he said, And no wonder for Satan himself transforms himself into an angel of light. So the purpose of casting the lots was showing that it's God who has to reveal to the priest which one is righteous and which one is truly wicked. Verse 9, I'd like to read verse 9 from the New International Version. It says, The other goat made atonement by getting it out of here. It made atonement by banishing its presence from the people, from God's people, from the people of Israel. That's how it was making atonement. Verses 11 through 14, these verses now backtrack the outline, and they cover what we've been talking about in a little more detail. So let's take a look at verse 11. This is actually an altar that has incense in it. It is not the altar where burnt offerings were put on. This was a unique little altar that was just outside of the veil before you walked into the Holy of Holies. I'd like to read a statement from the Holman Bible Dictionary regarding the altar of incense. Quote, I want you to hold your place where you are in Leviticus and turn with me to Exodus chapter 30 beginning in verse 1. And we'll read a little more detail about this altar of incense. Exodus chapter 30 in verse 1.

Verse 4. Verse 6.

In other words, this was only used to burn incense. It was used for no other purpose. Verse 10. Now we know a little bit more about what this altar of incense was. Again, it was located just outside the Holy of Holies near the veil or the curtain that separated the holy place from the Most Holy Place. It was about 1 1⁄2 foot square. Each way it was about 3 foot high. It had four horns on it, a horn on each corner of it. It was overlaid with pure gold and the four horns protruded from the four corners upward. The incense was a symbol of the prayers and intercession of the people going up to God as a sweet fragrance. And I hope you realize that every time you pray, every time you pray, that is a sweet incense going up to God. One of his children wants to say, hey, Dad, I've got something I've got to tell you. That's a sweet incense to God when we pray to Him. Very important to Him. God wanted His dwelling place to be a place where people could approach Him and they could pray to Him. Now we're back in Leviticus chapter 16, and we're going to pick it up in verse 13, which is where I think we left off before.

So when He would go into this holy of holies, there was in the lid of the Ark of the Covenant two huge caravim that were facing each other, looking at each other with their wings stretched out. And it was right above that mercy seat that it was believed that God's presence was. And He was instructed, you just can't go in there and look at the mercy seat. You have to fill it with smoke first. You need to get in there with incense, and you need to swing that sensor. And before you look or do anything, you've got to fill this room with smoke. Because if you look directly on the presence of God, mere mortal, you absolutely will die.

So He was to bring in smokey incense to the holy place, and it was so thick that it obscured His ability to see that holy seat. And this ceremony was to cleanse this mere human priest of his sins so that God could use him, allow him to represent Jesus Christ.

If you would have looked at the power of God's presence directly, it would have killed him right on the spot. And it was to take that blood from that sacrifice and sprinkle it seven times. And seven is the number of perfection. It meant the complete and total sacrifice of Jesus Christ for all time.

That's what the seven drops of blood, seven times, meant. Verse 15. Then He shall kill the goat of the sin offering, this is one of the two goats, which is for the people. Bring its blood inside the veil, do with that blood that He did for the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat and before the mercy seat.

And He shall make atonement for the holy place because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel and because of their transgressions for all their sins. And so He shall do for the tabernacle of meeting which remains among them in the midst of their uncleanness. So now the high priest would perform the same ceremony with the goat that he had previously with the bull. And at this time the ceremony was to cleanse the rest of the nation, the holy place, the tabernacle, completely everything. Sprinkling the blood seven times, again, represented the complete perfect forgiveness of sin offered by Jesus Christ. Verse 17. There shall be no man in the tabernacle of meeting when he goes in to make atonement in the holy place until he comes out, that he may make atonement for himself, his household, and for all the assembly of Israel. And he shall go out to the altar, that is, before the Lord and make atonement for it. And he shall take some of the blood of the bull and some of the blood of the goat and put it on the horns of the altar all around. Then he shall sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, cleanse it and consecrate it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel. And when he has made an end of atoning for the holy place, the tabernacle of meeting, and the altar, he shall bring the live goat. So after he did that with the dead animals, now he's going to do something different with the live goat. So we see here that one of the two goats was for the Lord. That was the phrase that was used in the Hebrew. The lot fell and one goat was chosen for the Lord. It was sacrificed and its blood was shed and it was sprinkled in the most holy place. The goat represents the blood of Jesus Christ and takes away the sins of the world. Again, this looks forward to the first significant event that I spoke about a few minutes ago when we began the sermon. Jesus Christ came into the world. He lived a perfect life and he shed his blood to cleanse the world from sin, to make it possible for universal atonement and reconciliation someday between God and his creation. Hold your place there in Leviticus 16, but turn with me to 1 John chapter 2 verse 1. 1 John chapter 2 and verse 1.

John wrote, My little children, these things I write to you so that you may not sin, and if anyone sins, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous. And he himself is the propitiation. That's just another word. He is the atonement. He is the covering for our sins and not for ours only, but for the whole world. So what the priest did there in Leviticus 16 with the sprinkling seven times on those horns, the sprinkling of that blood to the east, represented what Jesus Christ would do. And that is, he was the covering, the atonement for the sins of the whole world. That's a profound theological concept. Very important for us to understand.

Now let's go back to Leviticus chapter 16 and pick it up in verse 21 and see what happens to the other goat, the azazel, the goat that's still alive.

Verse 21. It says, Well, the Hebrew word here for lay, first of all, which says, he shall lay both his hands, is the Hebrew word samaq. And it means to lean on something.

It means to put pressure, to take hold of it and to lean on it with force. So the high priest forcefully places both of his hands on the goat's head. Now that in itself is important because Leviticus chapter four and verse four said that in an ordinary offering only one hand was to be put in an ordinary offering.

But in this unique case, the priest was to put both hands, symbolizing completeness, total acceptance, transference of iniquity on to this animal.

Remember the curse and the prophecy God gave to Satan in Genesis chapter three and verse 15.

As this priest forcefully puts both hands on the head of that goat, and he tells that goat of all the transgressions of the people of Israel, he makes that goat accountable and responsible for the sins of the entire nation. And as he does that, remember Genesis chapter three and verse 15. When God said, then I will put enmity between you and the woman between your seed and her seed, he, speaking of Christ, shall bruise your head.

And that was symbolized by the high priest, forcefully laying both of his hands on that goat, saying, you are responsible for the sins of all mankind. You created these problems. You were the one who's accountable for all the suffering and pain that mankind has endured for thousands and thousands of years. And I am judging you guilty. That's what this event is all about.

Again, Genesis chapter three and verse 15, I will put enmity between you and the woman between your seed and her seed, he shall bruise your head, God said, to the serpent.

So all the sins of Israel were placed on the second goat's head. This goat, who was not for the Lord, but for the Azazel, represents Satan, the originator of sin and the deceiver of all mankind. It states that all the iniquities, it says all the transgressions, it says all the sins of Israel were confessed upon its head.

This, my friends, is the second special event needed to achieve universal atonement. And it's a future fulfillment symbolized by the day of atonement each year. It's one of the things that makes this day so somber for us, one of the reasons we afflict ourselves, realizing that all human pain and suffering for 6,000 years has been caused by the originator of sin.

And that is Satan the devil. There's been so much suffering, so much abuse, so much evil and warfare and hunger and disease and malice and hate in our world for thousands and thousands of years. We literally mourn for our race of people for humankind.

We long for the day when there is a universal atonement and a reconciliation between God and everyone that He created.

Leviticus 16, verse 22.

The goat shall bear on itself all their iniquities to an uninhabited land, and he shall release the goat in the wilderness, then Aaron shall come out into the tabernacle of meeting, and shall take off the linen garments which he put on when he went into the holy place, and shall leave them there. So he no longer portrays at the end of this event that he is the prefigured Jesus Christ.

So this goat was taken by a responsible individual who would make sure that his duties were carried out. The goat was taken into an uninhabited land, into a wilderness, and he was let go totally outside of influencing the camp of Israel any longer.

His presence was no longer in the camp.

The goat bears all sin upon itself. It is charged and judged guilty of sin, but it isn't sacrificed.

The goat is led into the wilderness by a responsible man. The Hebrew word for wilderness here is gazera, meaning a land that is cut off.

The goat was cursed, and it was not to be seen again. There are some who say that this goat represents Jesus as our sin-bearer.

Well, yes, certainly Jesus is our sin-bearer, but that's not what is symbolized in this event. When did an able man or an angel ever take Christ into the wilderness? When was Christ cursed and like this goat never seen again?

We have a living high priest who is in the heavens that we have access to. Jesus Christ has never been and is not in a wilderness. He is right here having access to his chosen ones.

For our final scripture, Revelation 20, verse 1, the same scripture we started out with today, because now that we understand the background from Leviticus 16, in that event that the high priest was only allowed to do once a year on the Day of Atonement, we can look forward to a time when this wicked being that we know as Satan the Devil is put into a spiritual wilderness, is put into a desert that's called here a bottomless pit, a nebulous nothing where he can influence no one, where he's just wandering aimlessly with no influence over anyone in the world. Just like that goat was in that desert in ancient times, Satan will be bound so that he can influence no one. He is sealed, he is bound, he is in a blackness and darkness where he has no influence or power over anyone or anything. Revelation chapter 20, verse 1, Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit, and a great chain in his hand, and he laid hold of the dragon. Remember that priest? What did he do? He laid hold of the goat. He used his two hands and he forcibly put his hands in that goat, and he cursed that goat, and he put all the iniquities of the nation on that goat. And it says, this angel laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who was the devil in Satan, and bound him for a thousand years. And he cast him into a bottomless pit and shut him up and set a seal on him, so that he should deceive the nations no more. And he no longer has influence over people for this thousand year period. He is in a desert, a spiritual desert wilderness. The fit man in Leviticus 16 represents the angel who spiritually changed Satan to a bottomless pit, or a spiritual wilderness where he can't influence mankind for a thousand years. Now this was the second special event that was needed to bring universal atonement and the removal of Satan from the presence of mankind. Have you ever heard of the principle called cause and effect? I'm sure most of you had. It's actually a pretty universal principle. Cause and effect it's called. The first special event fulfilled by the eternal sacrifice and the shed blood of Christ removed to the effect of all sin in the world, didn't it? Forgiven. The shed blood of Christ forgave the effect that sin has in the world. Because of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, all sin is forgiven.

But what about the cause? Remember I said it's called cause and effect. What about the cause? The second special event that we just read that's pictured in Leviticus 16 pictures the exile of Satan and removes the cause of all sin in the world.

Cause and effect are both dealt with by God as he ushers in his kingdom. There's often an overlooked message regarding all of the fall holy days and the message is this. God has always been more interested in the long term, in the end result of his plan for mankind, than for what's happening right now. That's why he allows us to suffer. That's why some of us are struggling with chronic diseases. That's why some of us might have financial issues. Some of us have relationship issues. We are struggling and we're suffering right now because God is more interested in the long term and result of where we'll be than just right now.

When he looks at you, he doesn't see you just as you are today. He doesn't see me just as I am today with my foibles, with my flaws and my weaknesses. He sees the potential that you have. He can look into the future. He sees the greatness that lies in you. And he looks forward to that. He longs for that. You'll notice that God's holy days look forward to a positive future of hope and accomplishment. There is no holy day that celebrates the Great Tribulation. Have you ever noticed that? There is no holy day that celebrates the Day of the Lord. The all holy days remind us that God looks positively into the future. He looks on us with great love and hope. And when God looks at you and when He looks at me, He's not simply interested in what we're struggling with today. He's more interested in the long term. He's more interested in the end result of our calling. So, brethren, in conclusion, the sacrifice of Jesus Christ removed the effect of all human sin in the world. The imprisonment of Satan that we look forward to in the Day of Atonement in the bottomless pit will remove the cause of all human sin in the world. Cause and effect will both be dealt with. And that's why we observe this day.